Photosinthesis

1 ;hs, fldhsv mg, u; tajdg wdfjsKsl ,laIK we;s yrs;m%o wKq we;

.%dkd iu. mj;sk tu wxY= y|qkajk ku ,shkak

2  wka;¾ .%dkd  iqia;r iu. mj;sk tu wxY= y|qkajk ku ,shkak

3 yrs;m%o wKq 300 la muK wk;¾.; jk tjeks m%foaYhla y|qkajk ku ,shkak

4 wf,dalh wjfYdaIKh lrk uOHia:dkhla f,i ls%hd lrk fujeks moaO;shla tu Yla;sh ,nd fokafka ljr ia:dkhlg o@

5 m%Nd uOHia:dkhl  wvx.= jkafka ljr j¾.fha laf,dfrdms,a a wKq o@

ljr ia:dkhl mj;sk  laf,dfrdms,a a wKq j,ska bf,lafg%dak bj;aj hhs o@

6 wOsYla;s ;;ajhg m;ajQ bf,lafg%dak ljrla u.ska m%;s.%ykh lrhs o@

7 bf,lafg%dak m%;s.%dyl fY%aKshla ;=,ska .uka lrk jsg msrsfyk Yla;sh l=ula i|yd Ndjs; fjhs o@

8 tu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

9 c,h m%NdjspsfPokh jk ia:dkhka i|yka lrkak

10 tysoS iEfok M, ,shkak

11 tla tla ixrplhg w;ajk brKu ,shkak

c,h  --

fm%dafgdak  -

Tlaiscka   --

 bf,lafg%dak  --

12  P ₇₀₀   u.ska msgjk bf,lafg%dakh bf,lafg%dak m%;s.%dyl fY%aKshla Tiafia .ukalr Yla;sh ySk jQ jsg l=ula i|yd ,nd fohs o@

13 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdfjs O₂ m%Njh l=ula o@

14 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdj wjidkfha oS b;srs jkafka l=ula o@

15 w|qre m%;sls%hdfjs wjOs 3 ,shkak

16  RUBP wKqj ldnka mrudKq lShla orhs o@

17 m

18 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdfjs oS iEoqKq M, jehjkafka l=uk mshjr i|yd o@

 

A19   ATP jeh jk mshjr ,shkak

         

20  PGAL  l=ula i|yd jehfjhs o@

21Ydl ;=,   u.ska bgq lrk ld¾hhka fudkjd o@

             

22 ta i|yd wjYH tkaihsu ,shkak

23 jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i CO₂ m%;s.%yKh  lrkafka ljr ;;aaj hgf;a o@

24    jdhqf.da,fha   lsh o@

25  wvq  CO₂ idkao%Khl oS   jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i CO₂ m%;s.%yKh  fkdjSu m%ndixiaf,aIKfha ld¾hlaIu;dj wvqlsrSug fya;= fjhs ld¾hlaIu;dj wvqlsrSug fya;= jk ;j;a idOlhla ,shkak

26 m%Nd Yajikhg ljr bkaos%ldjka odhl fjhs o@

27 ljr Ydl j, m%NdYajikh olakg fkd,efnhs o@

28 tys mCO₂ m%;s.%yKh   lrkafka ljqreka o@ RUBP wKqj ldnka mrudKq lShla orhs o@

29  idfmalaIj tys mj;sk jsfYaI  lD;Huh ,laIK ,shkak

30 m

31 wdf,dal m%;sls%hdfjs oS iEoqKq NADPH₂ jehjkafka l=uk mshjr i|yd o@

32 le,ajska pl%h ljr ia:dkhloS isoqfjhs o@

33 ta i|yd CO₂  ,nd fokafka flfia o@

34 tysoS iEfok ;j;a M,hla ,shkak

35 fuysos jvd;a ld¾hlaIu f,i Tlaiscka m%;s.%yKhg fya;= ,shkak

36 C₄ Ydl pl%fha  ATP jehjk wjia:d fudkjd o@

37  C₄ Ydl i|yd WodyrK fokak

38 m%Ndixiaf,aYKh flfrys n,mdk ndysr idOl fudkjd o@

39 m;%fha mj;sk ljr idOl m%Ndixiaf,aYK iS>%;dj flfrys n,mdkafka o@

40 j¾Khl wjfYdaIK j¾Kdj,sh hkq l=ula o@

41 m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha ls%hd j¾Kdj,sh hkq l=ula o@

42 C₅₅H₇₂O₅N₄Mg  /       laf,dfrdms,aa a j, wKql iQ;%h jkafka l=ula o@

43 r;= wdf,dalh jvd;a wjfYdaIKh lrkafka l=uk j¾Klh o@

44 ks,a wdf,dalh jvd;a wjfYdaIKh lrkafka l=uk j¾Klh o@

45 lergfkdhsv j, wjfYdaIKh jvd;a isoqjkafka wjfYdaIK j¾Kdj,sfha ljr m%foaYfhaoSo

46 lergfkdhsv j, lD;Hh ,shkak

 47  wfkl=;a  idOl ksh;j ;snsshoS CO₂ idkao%Kh iy  m%Ndixiaf,aYKfha iS>%;dj w;r m%ia;drh ljr fjkiajSula fmkajhs o@

48  WIaK;ajh iq¿ m%udKhlska jevsl< jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

49 ksh; w.hlg m;ajSug fya;=j l=ulao@

50 huslsis ls%hdj,shl iS>%;dj flfrys idOl lsysmhla n,mdhs kus wvqfjka mj;sk idOlh u;

51 tjeks idOl y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@ ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

  

mitosis

Chordata

1 o¾YSh fldavdgdjl=f.a  iakdhq moaO;sh msysgd we;af;a ljr jHqyhlg mDIaGSh f,i o@

      2 o¾YSh fldavdgdjl=f.a  iakdhq moaO;sh ljr wdldr o@

      3 o¾YSh fldavdgdjl=f.a  iakdhq moaO;shg mDIaGSh f,i msysgkafka ljrla o@

      4 .%iksl m%foaYfha jsfYaI;ajh ,shkak

      5 rEm igyfka wmrj msysgd we;af;a l=ula o@

      6 yDofha msysgSu  ,shkak

fudardf.a yd wia:sl u;aiH  kus l< rEm igyk Ndjs; lruska lreKq bosrsm;a lrkak

  jsoHd.dr kso¾Yl Ndjs; lrkak

fudardf.a yd wia:sl u;aiHhka i|yd .e,fmk ,laIKh f;darkak

1 uqLfha msysgSu  WorSh$ w.%ia:

2 c,laf,dau  msg;g jsjD; jsu  ;ks jsjr$ fjka fjka jsjr f,i

3 foayh wdjrKh jsu jl%dldr fldrfmd;=$r¿ fldr,

4 jr,a odrfha msg;g fkrk LKaGl we; $ ke;

5 wia:suh msOdkhla we; $ ke;

6 fm!psP jr, wiuus;sl ^jsIudxYmqpsP&$iudxY mqpsP

7 wNHka;r iels,a, ldgsf,acuh $ wia:suh fjs

8 mDIaGSh uOH jf,i msysgk jr, ;ks tallhla $ tall folla f,i we; ^mQ¾j mDIaGSh jr,$ wmr mDIaGSh jr, f,i&

 9 ,h jr, hq.,hla we; $ke;

                                                          1

f.usnd iy lgqiaidf.a kso¾Yl  yd ,n dos we;s rEm igyka ksrslaIKh lrkak

1 foayh ysi yd l| f,i fldgia 2 la ;snsu $ foayh ysi f., yd l| f,i fldgia 2 la ;snsu fkd;snSu

2 foayh wdjrKh jsu jsh

fuu ,laIK Wojq lr .ksuska  iy jsia;r m;s%ld weiqrska fldavdgd j¾.j,g wh;a ,laIK f.dvk.kak

1 fuu jxYfha  i;=ka csj;ajSu i|yd yev.eiS we;s mrsir fudkjd o@

2  o;a j, msysgSu wkqj y|qkd.; yels wdldr  j,g WodyrK fokak

    iu oka;S                       l+m oka;S                      jsIu oka;S

3 tla tla j¾.fha yDofha mj;sk l=gSr .Kk fldmuK o@

      oajs l=gSruh                l=gSr 4la iys;                       l=gSr ;=kla iys;   

4 weismsh rys; weia we;af;a ldg o@

5 ;=kajk weismsh fyj;a ksus,k mg,hla iys; jkafka ljr j¾. i|yd o@

6 Yajikh i|yd fmky¿ yereKq fldg mj;sk fjk;a jHqy fudkjd o@

7 wp,;dmSka jkafka ljqreka o2

8 lmd, iakdhq hq.,a 10 la orkafka ljr j¾.hka o@

Liver

1 wlaudfjs msysgSu ,shkak

2 tys m%Odk fldgia fol l=ula o@

3 jvd jsYd, l=uk Lkavsldj o@

4wlaudjg TlaislD; reOsrh imhkafka l=uk jdysksfhka o

5 wlaudfjs yrialv ksrslaIKh lrkak tys olakg ,efnk Ivi%dldr jHqyfha ku ,shkaktys uOHfha wvx.= jkafka l=ula o@

6 Ivi%dldr jHqyfha fldka j, we;af;a iusnkaOl mgl j,ska iukajs; .a,sika m%djrhhs tys olakg ,efnk fjk;a foa fudkjd o@

7 wlaud ffi, fyj;a fymefgdffig ffi, ia:usN f,i ms  reOsrfhka msreKq wjldYh l=ula o@

8 tu ffi, j,g wfkla miska we;af;a l=ula o@tys wka;¾.;h ,shkak

9 wlaud fldagrdN ;=,g reOsrh we;=¿ jkafka ljr foiska o@ ljr foilska bj;g .,hso@

10 l=mam¾ ffi, msysgk ia:dkh ,shkak tys lD;Hh l=ula o@

11 wlaud ffi, ;=, .nvd lrk jsguska  fudkjd o@

12 reOsrfha .a,qfldaia idkao%Kh jevsjQ jsg wvqjQ wlaud ffi, ;=, .nvd lrk ldfndayhsvsf¾gh l=ulao@  th W;af;ackh lrk fydafudakh  ksmofjk ia:dkh  ,shkak

13 w.akHdifha ,eka.yeka oajSmsld j, nSgd ffi, j,ska bkaishq,ska ksmojsu

14 reOsrfha .a,qfldaia idkao%Kh  ksh; m%udKhg jvd  wvqjQ jsg wlaud ffi, ;=, isoqjk ls%hdj,sh  l=ulao@

15 th W;af;ackh lrk fydafudakh  ksmofjk ia:dkh  ,shkak

16 fuu lD;H yereKq fldg fuys i|yka fydafudak$ reOsrh $,smsv  $ ma,diau fm%dagSk $ jsI $fm%dagsk ms

Digestive System 2

39 l=vd wka;%fha fldgia fudkjd o

40     C  yevhla  .kafka l=uk fldgi o@

41 wd,dr pl% msOdkh yd fYaIdka;%l- –uydka;%l lmdgh we;af;a fldfya o@

wd,dr pl% msOdkh     ------  

 fYaIdka;%l  –uydka;%l lmdgh  -----

wdudYhg idfmalaIj fuys we;s keuqus j, fjki ,shkak

wdudYfha keuqus fudgh  wdka;%slkeuqus $ wx.=,sld W,a iajNdjhla .kS

42 kd,dldr .%ka:s jk ,sn¾l+ka f,ka jsjD; jkafka ljr ia:dk j,oSo@ thska i%djh jkafka l=ula o@

43 nDk¾ .%ka:s ksmojkafka fudkjdo@

44 wdka;s%l hqIh wka;¾.;h l=ulao@

 45 laIqo% wx.=,sld we;af;a l=ul o@

46 laIqo% wx.=,sld u; cs¾Kh jkafka ljrla o@

47 tkagfrdffig ;=, we;s tkaihsu ,shkak

48 tkagfrdffig ;=, cS¾Kh isoqjkafka ljrla o@

49 w.akHdYfha hqI tl;= jkafka l=ulska o@

50 tys wka;¾.;h ,shkak

51 ms;a hqIfha  wka;¾.;h ,shkak

52 fusjd w;=rska ms;a hqIfha  tla tla ld¾hh fjkqfjka odhl;ajh imhkafka l=ula o@

53 fus yereKq jsg ms;a hqIfhka bgqjk ;j;a ld¾hhla ,shkak

54 tkagfrdlhsfkaia j, ld¾hh ,shkak

55 wdydr ud¾.fha ns;a;sfhka  i%djh jk fydafudak fudkjd o@

56 my; i|yka tla tla ld¾hh  W;af;ac qlrk fydafudakh f;darkak

           wdudYhsl hQI  i%djh W;af;ackh

           .%eiags%ka i%djh ksfYaOkh

           w.akHdYfha i%djh W;af;ackh

           ms;a;dYh u.ska ms;a hQI ksl=;a lsrsu

           w.akdYhsl hqI ksmojsu

           wlaudj u.ska ms;a hqI ksmojSu

 

57 m%;sls%hdjg .e,fmk tkaihsuh f;darkak th isoqjk ia:dkh bosrsfhka ,shkak

   fuso                      .a,sifgda,a +fuso wus,                   

   msIagh                       fud,afgdaia                          

   ,elafgdaia                  .e,elafgdaia   + .a,qfldaia          

   fm%dagSk                     weuhsfkda wus,                       

   fm%dagSk                     l=vd fmd,s fmmaghsv                 

   kshqla,sla wus,             kshqla,sfhdaghsvs                       

kshqla,sfhdaghsvs               kshqla,sfhdaihsv +fmkafgdai  +khsg%ckSh NIau    

   fmmaghsv                   weuhsfkda wus,                      a 

   l=vd fmd,s fmmaghsv         vhs fmmaghsv                       

   vhs fmmaghsv              weuhsfkda wus,                    

58 wdka;s%l wmspsPofha we;s  l,ia ffi,j, ld¾hh ,shkak

+59 uydka;%fha fldgia fudkjd o@

60 th wdrusN jk ia:dkfha  we;s lmdgh l=ula o@

61 yrialvlska fmfkk mrsos wdka;%hg jvd ljr fjkila mj;shs o2

62 uydka;%h ;=,oS wjfydaIKh jkafka ljrla o@

63 uydka;%fha fjk;a ld¾hhla ,shkak

64 flaYkd,sld u.ska tl;= lr .kakd reOsrh l=uk Ysrdjla u.ska bj;g f.khhs o@

65 u, iEoSfusoS isoqjk my; ls%hdj,s  ksid isoqjk  >k jsu $ meisu $oqUqre meyejsu $.kaOh  we;sjSu ljrl m%;sM,hla o@

c,h wjfYdaIKh jsu    

b;srs jS we;s ldfndayhsvsf¾g             

ns,srenska jsfhdackh

b;srs jS we;s fm%dagSk  ns|Su

66 u, msgjsu i|yd m%;Slh we;sjkafka l=ula ksid o@

67 ;ka;= j, jeo.;a lu ,shkak

68 u, noaOh we;s jSug fya;= ,shkak

69 .%eiag%hsgSia frda.S ;;ajfha ,laIK fudkjd o@

70 .%eiag%hsgSia frda.S ;;ajh we;sjSug fya;= ,shkak

Selaginella

 

 

Selaginella Ydlh

wkajSlaI rEm

Selaginella nScdKq Ydlh $ ixfla;=j $ cSjk pl%h

1 ljr mrsirj, fuu ckaudKq Ydl mj;shs o@

2 ckaudKq Ydl wdldr fldmuK ;sfns o@

3 ckaudKq Ydlhl l=uk fldgia y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@

4 tajd fjkalr y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@ ta flfia o@

5 Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, ksmojk Y=l%dKqj, yevh ,shkak

6 Y=l%dKq ksoyia jkafka ljr wjia:djloSo@

7 mrsk; cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh mDIaGShj l=ula mj;shs o@

8 ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak hqla;dKqfjs m

9 ixfiapkh miqj iEfok hqla;dKqj fmdAIKh yd wdrlaIdj ,nkafka ljrlska o@

10 hqla;dKqfjs jsNdckh u.ska idokafka l=ula o@

11 nscdKqOdks msysgk ia:dkh ,shkak

12 nscdKqOdks j¾. lShla ;sfns o@ tajd fudkjd o@

13 nSscdKq Odks j, fjki ,shkak

14 nScdKq ksmojk ffi, fudkjd o@tys os isoqjk jsNdckh l=ula o@

15 nScdKq jHma;sh ljr wjia:dfjs isoqfjhs o@

16 tajd m%frdayKfhka idok jHqyh l=ula o@

17 ckaudKq Ydl iajdOSk o@ mrdOSk o@

Nephrolepis

 wkajSlaI rEm

Nephrolepis ckaudKq Ydlh - nScdKq Ydlh - mdis mqIamh

1  ljr mrsirj, fuu Ydl mj;shs o@

2 ckaudKq Ydlfha yevh ,shkak

3 ckaudKq Ydlhl l=uk fldgia y|qkd.; yelsfjhs o@

4 ckaudKq Ydl wdldr fldmuK ;sfns o@

5 ckaudKqOdks j, msysgSu l=ula o@

6 Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, wka;¾.; jkafka fudkjdo@

7 Y=l%dKqOdks ;=, ksmojk Y=l%dKqj, yevh ,shkak

8 Y=l%dKq ksoyia jkafka ljr wjia:djloSo@

9 mrsk; ckaudKq Ydlfha w.%fha uQ,dN j, msysgSu l=ula o@

10 ixfiapkh isoqjk ia:dkh ,shkak hqla;dKqfjs m

11 ixfiapkh miqj iEfok hqla;dKqj fmdAIKh yd wdrlaIdj ,nkafka ljrlska o@

12 hqla;dKqfjs jsNdckh u.ska idokafka l=ula o@

 

13 tys wvx.= fldgia ,shkak

14 N+.; l| y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@ th wdjrKh js we;af;a l=ulska o@

15 nSscdKq idok ia:dkh ,shkak tys msysgsu l=ula o@

16 nScdKq ksmojk ffi, fudkjd o@tys os isoqjk jsNdckh l=ula o@

17 nscdkqOdks j, yevh ,shkak

18 nScdKq jHdma;sh flfia isoqfjhs o@

19 tajd m%frdayKfhka idok iQ;s%ldldr jHqyh l=ula o@

20 ckaudKq Ydlh iajdOSk o@ mrdOsk o@