Cell membrane

ffi,h - ma,diau mg,h

Theodore Schwen

Rudolf Virchow

Robert hooke

Anton Van Leeuwehook

1 ish¿u Ydl ffi,j,ska iEos we;s nj

 ish¿u cSjska ffi,j,ska iEos we;s nj fmkajd oqkafka ljq o@

2 nelagSrshd ksrSlaIKh

 ffi,h hkak y|qkajd oSu isoqlf,a ljq o@

3 ffi,h jHqyuh tallh f,i i,lkafka wehs@

4 ffi,h lD;Huh tallh f,i i,lkafka wehs@

5 ma,diau mg,fha wvx.= ix>gl fudkjd o@

6 fmdiafmd ,smsv j, mj;sk .;s.=K fudkjd o@

7 ta ksid ;jr .=Kdx. ffi, ma,diau mg,h w;a lrf.k ;sfns o@

8 fm%dagSk jHma; js we;af;a flfia o@

9 c,fha o%djH l=vd wKq j, ir, jsirKhg odhl jk fm%dagsk wKq j, jsfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

10 idkao% wkql%uKhg tfrysj isoqjk wKq .uka lsrSfusoS ljr fm%dagSk odhl fjhs o@

11 Yla;sh jeh lruska wKq mrsjykh lrkafka ljr wjia:dj,oSo@ WodyrK fokak

12 jdyl Ndjs; lruska mrsjykh jk wls%h mrsjyk o%jHla ,shkak

13 ldfndayhsvsf¾g olakg ,efnk ia:dkh l=ula o@’

14 wd.ka;=l o%jH f,i y|qkd.; yelafla ljrla o@

15 ma,diau mg,fha fjk;a lD;Hhka fudkjd o2

16 ma,diau mg,h ls%hdldrS wdjrKhla f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

Fungi Mucor

 

1 ljr rEmdldr j,ska os,Sr mj;S o@

2 m%Odk jYfhka os,Sr  j, ffi, ns;a;sfha wvx.= jkafka ljrla o@

ixps; wdydr mj;skkafka  flfia o@ tajd  fudkjd o@

3 os,sr iuyrla j¾Kj;a fjhs ta l=ula ksid o@ tjeks j¾K lsysmhla i|yka lrkak

4 os,sr fndfyduhla  ixffi,sh fjs hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ula o@

5 tal ffi,sl os,srhla  kus lrkak

6 tajd fmdaIKh imhd .kafka flfia o@

7 fus ksid Wmia;rhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

8 yria ns;a;s olakg ,efnk os,Sr ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

9 ksrdjdr $ yria ns;a;s fkdue;s os,Sr j, iuyr wjia:d j,oS yria ns;a;s olakg ,efnhs ta ljr wjia:d j, o@

10 tjeks os,Srhlg WodyrK fokak

11 os,Sr j¾.SlrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd ,laIK fudkjd o@

os,sr j¾. fudkjd o@

12 os,sr j, Ok udos,s yd iDK udos,s jYfhka iQ;s%ld foj¾.hla mj;S th ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

13 tys mj;sk iajNdjh l=ula o@

14 os,sr j,  mj;sk m%ckk l%u fudkjd o@

Class – Zygomycetes / ihsf.dusfiagsia

15 Mucor w,sx.sl m%ckkfhaoS idok m%ckl ffi, j¾.h l=ula o@

q

16 nscdKq wka;¾.; jHqyh y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

17 th ord isgskafka ljrla o@

18 nScdKqOdksh ;=, nscdKq yg.kafka flfia o@

19 nScdKq jHma;sh isoqjkafka ljrla u.ska o@

20 ,sx.sl m%ckkh isoq lrk jsg ckaudKql kHIags we;=,;a jkafka ljrla ;=, o@

21 tal .=K ckaudKq kHIags folla ixfhda. jsug ljr ;;aj iusmQ¾K jsh hq;= o@

22 ixfhda.dKql kHIags we;=,;a jHqyhg ld,;rk yelshdj ,ens we;af;a wehs@

23 ys;lr mrsir ;;aj meusKs jsg m%:ufhka isoqjkafka l=ula o@

24 bka miq tys ljr fjkila isoq fjhs o@

25 udos,s folg wh;a nscdKq fldmuK m%udKhla thska ksoyia fjhs o@

Plant Movement

W;af;ac  j,g m%;spdr oelajSu

1 W;af;ac j,g m%;spdr oelajsu Ydl  yd i;ajhska i;= cSjS ,laIKhla fjs

tysoS y|qkd.; yels m%Odk fjkia lula ,shkak

mrsirfhka ,nd.;a   ksrslaIK lsysmhla fuys olajd we;

tal md¾Yajsl wdf,dalh foig Ydl w.%hla keuS j¾Okh jSu

la,eusfvdfukdia wdsf,dalh foig isoq lrk p,kh

ksosl=usnd Ydlhla iam¾Y l< jsg isoqjk p,k

wdOdrlhla jgd wfrdayl Ydlhla t;Su

2 tla tla p,k i|yd fya;= jk  w;af;ach l=ulaoehs y|qkajkak

3 W;af;ach yd m%;spdr olajk osYdj w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ulao@  

4 tu p,k w;r p,kh m%;sj¾;H jkafka $ uq, ;;ajhg m;a jSu isoqjkafka ljrlo@

5 flgs ld,hlska isoqjsh yels p,k f,i i,lkafka ljrla o@

6 ksosl=usnd Ydlhl p,khg iudk  p,k olajk fjk;a Ydl kus lrkak

7 jHqqyuh jYfhka tys mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak

8 p,khg fya;= jkafka WmOdk fha ffi,j, ljr ls%hdj,shla o@

9 mqIam msmSfus oS o fuhg iudk Y+k;dj fjkiajsfus ls%hdj,shla iso fjhs  jvd;a Y=k ffi, yuqjkafka

mqIam m;% j, ljr mDIaGfha o@ isoqjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

10 mqIam m;% j, hg mDIaGhg idfmalaIj Wvq mDIaGfha ffi, os.ska jevs jsu

Y=k;djfha fjkila ksid we;sjk fujeks p,k y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

11 fujeks p,k flfrys fya;= jk ixfhda. fudkjd o@

Ydl fydafudak $ TlaiSk

12 ksosl=usnd Ydlh olajk p,k j,g fya;=jk fjk;a W;af;ac fudkjd o@

13 W;af;acfha iajNdjh wkqj p,k kus lrhs by; i|yka W;af;ach wkqj ,ndosh yels ku l=ula o@

m

14 j¾Okfha we;sjk fjkia jsula ksid we;sjk wm%;sj¾;H p,khla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdj¾;S p,khla kus fjhs

Tng th y|qkd .ekSug Wmfhda.S lr .; yels ,laIKhla ,shkak

by; i|yka  jS we;s ,laIK w;rskatjeks wdj¾;S p,k f;darkak

15 fmdapspshl jjk ,o Ydlhla yria w;g fmr

16 .=re;ajfha n,mEfuka fujekakla isoqfjs o  hkak mrslaId lr ne,Su i|yd Ndjs; l< yels WmlrKhla  y|qkajkak

17 tys Ydlh r|jd we;s fldgi ksrka;rfhka fiuska N%uKh jSug i,iajd we; thska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka l=ula o@

18 i;s lsysmhlg miq ljr ksrSlaIKhla ,efns hehs wfmalaId lrkafka o@

19 tfia isoqjkafka  wehs@

 uqf,a w.%h .=re;ajh  foig keuS j¾Okh jSu tysoS isoq fjhs th ljr p,k j¾.hlg wh;a fjhs o@

20  tu ,laIKh fmkajk fjk;a p,k wdldrhla y|qkajkak

21  fus wkqj Tn oekg y|qkdf.k we;s  m%Odk Ydl p,k wdldr 3 olajkak

22 W;af;ach  foig isoqjk p,k Ok p,k f,i;a W;af;acfhka   bj;g isoqjk p,k iDK p,k

f,i;a y|qkajhs’ ta wkqj my; olajd we;s p,k  kus lrkal

uq, .=re;ajh foig j¾Okh  -------

l|  w.%h .=re;ajfhka bj;g j¾Okh  jSu ----- 

myqre wdOdrl jgd t;Su  ---- 

l=Kav,dldr m;% os. yerSu ----

l+v¿ Ydlfha M,h msmsrS nSc jHma; jSu --- 

mqgsld jsjD; jSu ----

Translocation

wdydr mrsjykh

1 wdydr mrsjyk  mglh l=ula o@

2 mrsKdufha oS uq,skau mrsjyk mglhla y|qkd .;af;a ljr Ydl fldgsGdYfha o@

3 Wiia Ydl j,g  jvd tys mej;s fjki ,shkak

4 Wiia Ydl j, mj;sk ffi, o¾Y kus lrkak

5 wdydr mrsjykhg jvd;a yev.eis we;af;a ljr  ffi, o@$ ffi, hka o@

6 ta i|yd mj;sk yev.eiSu l=ula o@

7 fmfkar k, uQ,dx. hla yd m;% uOH ffi,hla w;r mj;sk fjk;a fjkialus ,shkak

8 lef,dai iEoSu ksid isoq jkafka l=ula o@ ljr wjia:d j,oS th isoqfjhs o@

9 lef,dai iEoS we;af;a l=ulska o@

10 maf,dahufha wka;¾.; ldnksl o%jH  l=ula o@

a

11 maf,dahufha wka;¾.; fjk;a o%jH  fudkjd o@

12 iqlafrdaia mrsjykhg  Wps; ixfhda.hla f,i i,lkafka wehs@

13 wdydr mrsjykh lrkafka ljr fldgia j,g o@

14 mrsjykh  wdrusN ia:dk jgd we;s mgl fudkjd o@

15 tjeks ia:dk y|qkajk ku ,shkak

16 iypr ffi, j, ld¾hh l=ula o@

17 ta i|yd mj;sk yev .eiSu l=ula o@

 18 osjd ld,fha oS o%djH jsNjh jevs w.hl mj;skafka m;%hl we;s ljr ffi, j,o@ iypr ffi, j,o@ fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,o@

19 by; ld¾hfha os Yla;sh jeh jkafka wehs@

20 fuu ls%hdj y|qkajk ku ,shkak

21 m;%hl mrsjyk mgl mj;skafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

s22 maf,dahu mglhg iam¾Yj mj;sk fjk;a mrsjyk mglhla kus lrkak

23 maf,dahu ner lsrsfusos l=uk ffi, o¾Yhl c, jsNjh wvq fjhs o@

24 mj;sk c, jsNj fjki fya;=fjka l=uk mglhl isg fuu mglhg  c,h we;=¿ fjhs o@

25 fus ksid fmfkar k, ;=, yg .kakd mSvkh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

26 wdydr ;ekam;a lrk  mglh l=ula o@

27 Ydlhl ljr fldgia fuu lD;Hh isoq lrhs o@ tjeks ia:dk y|qkajk kula ,shkak

28 ixps; o%jH f,i mj;sk ixfhda. j, mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak

29 tu ffi, ;=,g wdydr we;=¿ lsrsu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

30 tu ffi, wdYs%;j mj;sk fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j, c, jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ $jevs fjhs o@

31 tu fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,  o%j ia:s;sl mSvkh g l=ula isoq fjhs o@

32 m;% kdrgsfha we;s fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,  o%j ia:s;sl mSvkh;a  wdydr ixps; ia:dk;a w;r mj;sk o%j ia:s;sl mSvk wkql%uKh  ksid l=ula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o@

33 fuysos isoqjk c, .uk y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

34 maf,dahu mrsjykh o%j ia:s;sl mSvkhla Tiafia isoqjk njg y|qkd.; yels idlaIs mj;S o@

 35 c, mrsjykhg idfmalaIj wdydr mrsjykfha fjkila ,shkak