Cell membrane

ffi,h - ma,diau mg,h

Theodore Schwen

Rudolf Virchow

Robert hooke

Anton Van Leeuwehook

1 ish¿u Ydl ffi,j,ska iEos we;s nj

 ish¿u cSjska ffi,j,ska iEos we;s nj fmkajd oqkafka ljq o@

2 nelagSrshd ksrSlaIKh

 ffi,h hkak y|qkajd oSu isoqlf,a ljq o@

3 ffi,h jHqyuh tallh f,i i,lkafka wehs@

4 ffi,h lD;Huh tallh f,i i,lkafka wehs@

5 ma,diau mg,fha wvx.= ix>gl fudkjd o@

6 fmdiafmd ,smsv j, mj;sk .;s.=K fudkjd o@

7 ta ksid ;jr .=Kdx. ffi, ma,diau mg,h w;a lrf.k ;sfns o@

8 fm%dagSk jHma; js we;af;a flfia o@

9 c,fha o%djH l=vd wKq j, ir, jsirKhg odhl jk fm%dagsk wKq j, jsfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

10 idkao% wkql%uKhg tfrysj isoqjk wKq .uka lsrSfusoS ljr fm%dagSk odhl fjhs o@

11 Yla;sh jeh lruska wKq mrsjykh lrkafka ljr wjia:dj,oSo@ WodyrK fokak

12 jdyl Ndjs; lruska mrsjykh jk wls%h mrsjyk o%jHla ,shkak

13 ldfndayhsvsf¾g olakg ,efnk ia:dkh l=ula o@’

14 wd.ka;=l o%jH f,i y|qkd.; yelafla ljrla o@

15 ma,diau mg,fha fjk;a lD;Hhka fudkjd o2

16 ma,diau mg,h ls%hdldrS wdjrKhla f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

Fungi Mucor

 

1 ljr rEmdldr j,ska os,Sr mj;S o@

2 m%Odk jYfhka os,Sr  j, ffi, ns;a;sfha wvx.= jkafka ljrla o@

ixps; wdydr mj;skkafka  flfia o@ tajd  fudkjd o@

3 os,sr iuyrla j¾Kj;a fjhs ta l=ula ksid o@ tjeks j¾K lsysmhla i|yka lrkak

4 os,sr fndfyduhla  ixffi,sh fjs hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ula o@

5 tal ffi,sl os,srhla  kus lrkak

6 tajd fmdaIKh imhd .kafka flfia o@

7 fus ksid Wmia;rhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

8 yria ns;a;s olakg ,efnk os,Sr ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

9 ksrdjdr $ yria ns;a;s fkdue;s os,Sr j, iuyr wjia:d j,oS yria ns;a;s olakg ,efnhs ta ljr wjia:d j, o@

10 tjeks os,Srhlg WodyrK fokak

11 os,Sr j¾.SlrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd ,laIK fudkjd o@

os,sr j¾. fudkjd o@

12 os,sr j, Ok udos,s yd iDK udos,s jYfhka iQ;s%ld foj¾.hla mj;S th ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

13 tys mj;sk iajNdjh l=ula o@

14 os,sr j,  mj;sk m%ckk l%u fudkjd o@

Class – Zygomycetes / ihsf.dusfiagsia

15 Mucor w,sx.sl m%ckkfhaoS idok m%ckl ffi, j¾.h l=ula o@

q

16 nscdKq wka;¾.; jHqyh y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

17 th ord isgskafka ljrla o@

18 nScdKqOdksh ;=, nscdKq yg.kafka flfia o@

19 nScdKq jHma;sh isoqjkafka ljrla u.ska o@

20 ,sx.sl m%ckkh isoq lrk jsg ckaudKql kHIags we;=,;a jkafka ljrla ;=, o@

21 tal .=K ckaudKq kHIags folla ixfhda. jsug ljr ;;aj iusmQ¾K jsh hq;= o@

22 ixfhda.dKql kHIags we;=,;a jHqyhg ld,;rk yelshdj ,ens we;af;a wehs@

23 ys;lr mrsir ;;aj meusKs jsg m%:ufhka isoqjkafka l=ula o@

24 bka miq tys ljr fjkila isoq fjhs o@

25 udos,s folg wh;a nscdKq fldmuK m%udKhla thska ksoyia fjhs o@

Plant Movement

W;af;ac  j,g m%;spdr oelajSu

1 W;af;ac j,g m%;spdr oelajsu Ydl  yd i;ajhska i;= cSjS ,laIKhla fjs

tysoS y|qkd.; yels m%Odk fjkia lula ,shkak

mrsirfhka ,nd.;a   ksrslaIK lsysmhla fuys olajd we;

tal md¾Yajsl wdf,dalh foig Ydl w.%hla keuS j¾Okh jSu

la,eusfvdfukdia wdsf,dalh foig isoq lrk p,kh

ksosl=usnd Ydlhla iam¾Y l< jsg isoqjk p,k

wdOdrlhla jgd wfrdayl Ydlhla t;Su

2 tla tla p,k i|yd fya;= jk  w;af;ach l=ulaoehs y|qkajkak

3 W;af;ach yd m%;spdr olajk osYdj w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ulao@  

4 tu p,k w;r p,kh m%;sj¾;H jkafka $ uq, ;;ajhg m;a jSu isoqjkafka ljrlo@

5 flgs ld,hlska isoqjsh yels p,k f,i i,lkafka ljrla o@

6 ksosl=usnd Ydlhl p,khg iudk  p,k olajk fjk;a Ydl kus lrkak

7 jHqqyuh jYfhka tys mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak

8 p,khg fya;= jkafka WmOdk fha ffi,j, ljr ls%hdj,shla o@

9 mqIam msmSfus oS o fuhg iudk Y+k;dj fjkiajsfus ls%hdj,shla iso fjhs  jvd;a Y=k ffi, yuqjkafka

mqIam m;% j, ljr mDIaGfha o@ isoqjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

10 mqIam m;% j, hg mDIaGhg idfmalaIj Wvq mDIaGfha ffi, os.ska jevs jsu

Y=k;djfha fjkila ksid we;sjk fujeks p,k y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

11 fujeks p,k flfrys fya;= jk ixfhda. fudkjd o@

Ydl fydafudak $ TlaiSk

12 ksosl=usnd Ydlh olajk p,k j,g fya;=jk fjk;a W;af;ac fudkjd o@

13 W;af;acfha iajNdjh wkqj p,k kus lrhs by; i|yka W;af;ach wkqj ,ndosh yels ku l=ula o@

m

14 j¾Okfha we;sjk fjkia jsula ksid we;sjk wm%;sj¾;H p,khla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

wdj¾;S p,khla kus fjhs

Tng th y|qkd .ekSug Wmfhda.S lr .; yels ,laIKhla ,shkak

by; i|yka  jS we;s ,laIK w;rskatjeks wdj¾;S p,k f;darkak

15 fmdapspshl jjk ,o Ydlhla yria w;g fmr

16 .=re;ajfha n,mEfuka fujekakla isoqfjs o  hkak mrslaId lr ne,Su i|yd Ndjs; l< yels WmlrKhla  y|qkajkak

17 tys Ydlh r|jd we;s fldgi ksrka;rfhka fiuska N%uKh jSug i,iajd we; thska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka l=ula o@

18 i;s lsysmhlg miq ljr ksrSlaIKhla ,efns hehs wfmalaId lrkafka o@

19 tfia isoqjkafka  wehs@

 uqf,a w.%h .=re;ajh  foig keuS j¾Okh jSu tysoS isoq fjhs th ljr p,k j¾.hlg wh;a fjhs o@

20  tu ,laIKh fmkajk fjk;a p,k wdldrhla y|qkajkak

21  fus wkqj Tn oekg y|qkdf.k we;s  m%Odk Ydl p,k wdldr 3 olajkak

22 W;af;ach  foig isoqjk p,k Ok p,k f,i;a W;af;acfhka   bj;g isoqjk p,k iDK p,k

f,i;a y|qkajhs’ ta wkqj my; olajd we;s p,k  kus lrkal

uq, .=re;ajh foig j¾Okh  -------

l|  w.%h .=re;ajfhka bj;g j¾Okh  jSu ----- 

myqre wdOdrl jgd t;Su  ---- 

l=Kav,dldr m;% os. yerSu ----

l+v¿ Ydlfha M,h msmsrS nSc jHma; jSu --- 

mqgsld jsjD; jSu ----

Translocation

wdydr mrsjykh

1 wdydr mrsjyk  mglh l=ula o@

2 mrsKdufha oS uq,skau mrsjyk mglhla y|qkd .;af;a ljr Ydl fldgsGdYfha o@

3 Wiia Ydl j,g  jvd tys mej;s fjki ,shkak

4 Wiia Ydl j, mj;sk ffi, o¾Y kus lrkak

5 wdydr mrsjykhg jvd;a yev.eis we;af;a ljr  ffi, o@$ ffi, hka o@

6 ta i|yd mj;sk yev.eiSu l=ula o@

7 fmfkar k, uQ,dx. hla yd m;% uOH ffi,hla w;r mj;sk fjk;a fjkialus ,shkak

8 lef,dai iEoSu ksid isoq jkafka l=ula o@ ljr wjia:d j,oS th isoqfjhs o@

9 lef,dai iEoS we;af;a l=ulska o@

10 maf,dahufha wka;¾.; ldnksl o%jH  l=ula o@

a

11 maf,dahufha wka;¾.; fjk;a o%jH  fudkjd o@

12 iqlafrdaia mrsjykhg  Wps; ixfhda.hla f,i i,lkafka wehs@

13 wdydr mrsjykh lrkafka ljr fldgia j,g o@

14 mrsjykh  wdrusN ia:dk jgd we;s mgl fudkjd o@

15 tjeks ia:dk y|qkajk ku ,shkak

16 iypr ffi, j, ld¾hh l=ula o@

17 ta i|yd mj;sk yev .eiSu l=ula o@

 18 osjd ld,fha oS o%djH jsNjh jevs w.hl mj;skafka m;%hl we;s ljr ffi, j,o@ iypr ffi, j,o@ fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,o@

19 by; ld¾hfha os Yla;sh jeh jkafka wehs@

20 fuu ls%hdj y|qkajk ku ,shkak

21 m;%hl mrsjyk mgl mj;skafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

s22 maf,dahu mglhg iam¾Yj mj;sk fjk;a mrsjyk mglhla kus lrkak

23 maf,dahu ner lsrsfusos l=uk ffi, o¾Yhl c, jsNjh wvq fjhs o@

24 mj;sk c, jsNj fjki fya;=fjka l=uk mglhl isg fuu mglhg  c,h we;=¿ fjhs o@

25 fus ksid fmfkar k, ;=, yg .kakd mSvkh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

26 wdydr ;ekam;a lrk  mglh l=ula o@

27 Ydlhl ljr fldgia fuu lD;Hh isoq lrhs o@ tjeks ia:dk y|qkajk kula ,shkak

28 ixps; o%jH f,i mj;sk ixfhda. j, mj;sk ,laIKhla ,shkak

29 tu ffi, ;=,g wdydr we;=¿ lsrsu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

30 tu ffi, wdYs%;j mj;sk fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j, c, jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ $jevs fjhs o@

31 tu fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,  o%j ia:s;sl mSvkh g l=ula isoq fjhs o@

32 m;% kdrgsfha we;s fmfkar k, uQ,dx. j,  o%j ia:s;sl mSvkh;a  wdydr ixps; ia:dk;a w;r mj;sk o%j ia:s;sl mSvk wkql%uKh  ksid l=ula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o@

33 fuysos isoqjk c, .uk y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

34 maf,dahu mrsjykh o%j ia:s;sl mSvkhla Tiafia isoqjk njg y|qkd.; yels idlaIs mj;S o@

 35 c, mrsjykhg idfmalaIj wdydr mrsjykfha fjkila ,shkak

Plants growth hormone

j¾Okh   2

20 f,day m;%hla Ndjs; lruska mrslaIK isoq lf

21 f,day m;%hla Ndjs; lsrSfus wruqK l=ula o@

22 jl%;djg fya;= jkafka l=uk me;af;a ffi, osla jsu o@

23 fuu mrslaIKfhka ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

24 fjkags isoqlrk ,o mrSlaIKfha oS is|sk ,o w.%h ta.d¾ u; ;ensfus wruqK ,shkak

25 tfia ,nd.;a ta.d¾ len,s w.%h bj;a lrk ,o l|l jsflakaoSlj ;enSfus wruqK ,shkak

26 tysos md,l mrslaIKh ilia l< hq;af;a flfia o@

27 W;af;ackh fkdl, ta.d¾ len,a,ka  w.%h bj;a lrk ,o l|l iuflakaoSlj ;enSfuka

,efnk ksrslaIKh ,shkak

28 W;af;ackh l, ta.d¾ len,a,ka  w.%h bj;a lrk ,o l|l iuflakaoSlj ;enSfuka

 wxl  27 ,efnk ksrSlaIKhg jvd fjkia ksrslaIKhla  ,efnhs o@ fya;=j ,shkak

29  ffi, oslajSu W;af;ackh $fm%arKh  lrk fuu o%jHh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

30 tys lD;Huh ,laIK ,shkak

31 tys jHqyuh ,laIK ,shkak

32 m%frday w.% j,g wu;rj fjk;a fldgia j,o fusjd ksmofjhs tu ia:dk fudkjd o@

tajd mrsjykh jk l%u ,shkak

33 by< TlaiSk idkao%Khla mj;sk jsg j¾Okh ksfYaOkh jk wjia:djla ,shkak tys m%;sM,h l=ula o@

34 nschla ksmojsug by< TlaiSk idkao%Khla wjYH fjhs tajd imhkafka flfia o@

35 nSc rys; M, iEoSu ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@ ta i|yd mej;sh hq;= ;;ajh l=ula o@

36 mdf;afkda M, idok Ydl j,g WodyrK fokak

37 lD;su f,i mdf;afkdaM, we;s lsrsu ldIsl¾udka;fha oS isoq lrhs tysoS isoq lrkafka l=ula o@

38 fPo ia;rh we;sjsu jDka;h yd M,h w;r TlaiSk idkao%Kfha fjkila ksid we;sfjhs th M, fyda m;% m;khg fya;= fjhs th je,elajsfuka tljr M, jsYd, m%udKhla ,nd.; yelsh ldIsl¾udka;fha oS tjeks Ndjs;hla i|yka lrkak

39 wkakdis j;= j, tljr mqIam yg.eksu fm%arKh  lrk j¾Ol o%jHhla $fydafudakhla ,shkak

40 bkafvda,a weisgsla weisvs uq,aj, j¾Okhg flfia n,mdhs o@

41 by;ska i|yka fkdjQ fjk;a  fydafudak $ j¾Ol o%jHhka ,shkak

43 tajd w;frka ffY,u  u.ska by  jsNdcl  mgl u.ska ixiaf,aYKho isoq  lrkafka l=ula o@

44 maf,dahu u.ska by  jsirKh jk ffY,u   fyda maf,dahu mrsjykh o  isoqlrk fydafudakh ,shkak

45 wfkla fydafudak j,g tfrysj ls%hd lrk fydafudakhla  ,shkak

 46 tajd  ixiaf,aYKh isoq  lrkafka l=ula  ;=, o@

47 tu ia:dk j,ska nscj, we;sjsh yels fjk;a fydafudakhka ,shkak thska nscj, j¾Okhg we;slrk n,mEu l=ula o@

48 my; i|yka tla tla l%u j,ska mrsjykh jsh yels fydafudak ,shkak

maf,dahu mrsjykh  --

 ffY,u  mrsjykh ---

  jsirKh ---

49 Tlaiska iu. wka;¾ ls%hd olajkafka fudkjd o@

50 nSc m%frdayKh fm%arKh ffi, jsYd, jsu yd l|ka osla jSu osrs .kajkafka l=uk fydafudakhla o@

51 m;%  jhia.; jSu yd  mqIam ue,jSu m%udo lrkafka ljrlska o@

52 lemq l|kaj, uq,a we;sjsu osrs .kajk Ydl j¾Ol o%jHhla ,shkak

53 m<,a m;% iys; Yd; u¾Okhg fhdod .kafka l=ula o@ta u.ska Ydl j,g we;s lrk n,mEu l=ula o@

54 m%n, j,a kdYl f,i fhdod .kafka l=ula o@

55 tal md¾Yajsl wdf,dalh  ksid jl%;djla we;s jSug fya;=j l=ula o@

56 fujeks ksrslaIk ,ensug mej;sh hq;= ;;aj ,shkak

tal md¾Yajsl wdf,dalh jl%;djla we;s fkdjSu

w.%h bj;alr ;snsu

w.%ia:hg wdjrKhla fhoSu

57 tu ksrslaIK j,g fya;= ,shkak

Plant Growth 1

j¾Okh yd jslikh  1

                                                                        

1 w¾;dm,a wdlkaohl wxl=r j¾Okh jsu'

11 Ydl l|l  w.%ia: j¾Okh

111 Ydl uq,l  w.%ia: j¾Okh

1v m;%hl isoqjk j¾Okh

v wdf,dalh foig Ydl l|l  w.%ia:fha isoqjk j¾Okh

by;ska oS we;s isoqjSus w;rska f;dard ,shkak

1 cSjshl=f.a  mrsudj jevsjk wjia:d fudkjd o@

3  osf.ys jevsjsula fmkajkafka l=uk wjia:djloS o@

4 ksYaps; j¾Okhla $ mrsus; j¾Okhla fmkajk Ydl fudkjd o@

5 wmrsus; j¾Okhla fmkajk Ydl j,g WodyrK fokak

6 ld,h  iu. mrsudfjs jevsjsu m%ia;dr.; l< jsg ,efnk yevh ,shkak

7 ld,h  iu. ld,h  iu. j¾Ok fjs.h  m%ia;dr.; l< jsg ,efnk yevh ,shkak

8 j¾Okh ia:dk.;jS  we;s m%foaY fudkjd o@%

9 m%d:usl jsNdclhla f,i ie,lsh yelafla ljrla o@

10 oajs;Shl jsNdclhla f,i e,lsh yelafla ljrla o@

11 wdf,dalh foig Ydl l|l  w.%ia: j¾Okh ksid we;sjk jl%;dj ms

13 jl%;djla we;sjkafka jHqyuh jYfhka we;sjk ljr fjkila ksid o@

14 fuhg wu;r f,i ,nd oqka fjk;a idOlhla i|yka lrkak

15 ljr ;;aj imhd fok ,o w.% jl%;djla fmkajhso@

16 f,day wdjrKhla Ndjs; lsrsfus wruqK ,shkak ,enqKq ksrslaIKh l=ula o@

17 w.%ia:h is|Su ksid we;sjQ fjki l=ula o@ thska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

18 w.%ia:h b;srsj ;snshoS wfkla fldgia l,q meye;s mia j,ska wdjrKh lsrsfus wruqK ,shkak

Water movement in plant cells

ffi,hl c, jsNjh

1  Ydl ffi,hl ffi, ma,diaufha wka;¾.;h ,shkak

2 Ydl ffi,hl c,fha o%djH M, we;af;a fld;ek o@jevs wjldYhla mqrd me;srS we;af;a ljr bkaos%ldjla o@

 

3 wkajSlaIfhka  iEu Ydl ffi,hl rsla;lh ksrslaIKh l< yelso@ tjekas ffi,hl rsla;lfha wka;¾.; jsh hq;af;a fudkjdo@

4ffi,hl m%d:usl  ns;a;sh ljr .=Kdx. fmkajhs o@

5 ffi,h ;=, c, jsyjh wvq jSug fya;=jk isoaOska fudkjd o@

6 wdi%e; c,hg fujeks ffi,hla  fhoQ jsg c, jsNj fjkig wkqj  idfmalaIj c, wKq p,kh jsu l=uk osYdjlg isoq jsh yels o@

7 wdka;r mdr.uH mg,hla yryd isoqlrk fuu ls%hdj,sh y|qkajk ku ,shkak

 8 ffi,hl we;s tjeks wdka;r mdr.uH mg, fudkjd o@ tys ,laIK ,shkak

9  lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s c,hg  fujeks ffi,hla oeuQ jsg wdi%e;sh ksid c,h we;=¿ ljr osYdjlg o@

10 tjeks mrsirhl jefvk Ydl j,g c,h we;=¿ jkafka l=ula yryd o@

11 wjfYdaIKh lrk c, m%udKh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u; o@

12 uQ, flaY ffi, ;=,  c, jsNjh yd mdxY= c,fha c, jsNjh  w;r mj;sk c, jsNj fjki jevsjk jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

13 lfvd,dk mrsirhl we;s Ydl fus i|yd ljr wkqj¾;k fmkajhs o@

c, jsNj fjki jevs lr f.k we;

14  rsla;lh ;=,g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha uq,skau we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

15  hqI rsla;lfha o%djH jsNjhg l=ula  isoq fjhs o@

16 ffi,fha mrsudj jevsjk jsg ffi, ns;a;sh u; iam¾Y jkafka l=ula o@

17  tysoS ffi, ns;a;sh u; ma,diau mg,fhka we;slrk msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

18  tjsg ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk m%;Hia:  n,mEu l=ula o@ tu msvkh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

19 ffi, ns;a;sfhka we;s lrk msvkh   s ksid c, jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

20 msvkh fya;=fldg f.k c, jsNjfha we;sjk fjkia jSu y|qkajk ku ,shkak

21  fus wkqj ffi,hla ;=,g c,h we;=¿jSfus yelshdj ψ_cell  w.h ljr jsNj w.hhka u; r|d mj;S o@

          

22  hus wjia:djloS ffi,h ;=,g c,h we;=¿jsu wekysgshs tu wjia:dfjs mj;sk ffi,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak tysoS   ,efnk w.h lSho@

23  ψ_P  yd ψ_s w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

24  c, jsNjh jevs o%djKhlg Y+k ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, .uk ljr osYdjlg isoq fjhs o@ tu ld¾hdj,sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

25  rsla;lfhka bj;g c,h we;=¿ jk jsg ffi,fha we;sjk fjkia jSu l=ula o@

26  ffi, ns;a;sfhka  ma,diau mg,h wE;ajSu wdrusN lrk wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

27 tu wjia:dfjs   w.h 0 jkafka l=ul o@  

       

28 tysoS  ffi,fha c, jsNjh iudk jkafka l=ulg o@

          

o%djKhl fu!,sl;dj okakd jsg j.=jla u.ska tys c, jsNjh fidhd .; yelsh’

29 hqI rsla;lfha c, jsNjhg iudk c, jsNjhla iys; o%djKhlg ffi,hla fhoQ jsg c, mrsudj fjkia fjhs o

30 tjeks o%djK y|qkajk ku ,shkak

31 fuu w.hg jvd iq¿ fyda idkao%K jevs lsrSula o%djKfha we;s l< jsg l=ula  isoqfjhs o@

32 iuyr ffi,j, fuu wjia:dj m%dfhda.slj ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh ta l=ula ksid o@  WodyrK fokak

33 fujeks mglhla iSks o%djKhlg oud wkajSlaIhlska mrSlaId l< fyd;a l=ula ksrslaIKh lsrSug yels fjhs o@

34 thg fya;=j ,shkak

35 frdaysfhda  wmsp¾u ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSfus oS u;=jk m%dfhda.sl  .eg¿j l=ula o@

tla ffi,hl c,jsNjh fijSug wiSre fjhs tu ksid mglfha udOHkH c,jsNjh fijsu isoq lrhs

mglfha udOHkH c,jsNj w.h f,i ,nd .kafka l=ula o@

36  jsY=k;d m%;sY; w.h 50la jk mglh  wh;a o%djKfha fu!,sl;djh fidhd  j.=jla wOdrfhka  tu o%djKfha c, jsNjh fidhd  .eksu

37 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s iqlafrdaia o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

38 jskdvs 20 ld,hla iu;=,s; jSug ;enSfuka miq l=ula l< hq;= o@

39 jsY+k;d m%;sY;h fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej  50% la jsY+k ;d m%;sY;h fidhd .kafka flfia o@

40 .y, Colocasia fyda ynr,  Alocasia jDka;hla isria w;g  jsIalusNh $iuus;sl wlaIh Tiafia m,d ,efnk 4cm fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak

ljr fjkia jsula Tng ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

41 W;a;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@ wj;, mdIaGfha ljr mglhla mj;s o@

jl%;djhg fya;=j ,shkak

42 wmsp¾u ffi,j, g idfmalaIj ndysl ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu $os. jevsjSu

ffi,j, mrsudj jevsjsu g ljr isoqjSula fya;= fjhs o@

43 fuu c, .ukh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

44 l=uk m%foaYfha ffi,j, c,jsNjh wvq fjhs o@ thg fya;=j ,shkak

45 c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj jevs ksid c,h jdIamjSfus is>%;dj wvq wehs@

46 fujeks  ynr, ms;s fldgil jl%;dj fjkia fjhs o hkak fidhd .eksug m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

47 fojkqj fidhd .; hq;af;a l=ula o@

48 jl% mDIaGfha uOH ,laIh fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tn l+ula l< hq;+ fjhs o@

49 lsishus o%djKhl c, jsNjh   ffi,fha c,jsNjhg iudk fjhs kus Tn l=ula wfmalaId lrkafka o@

50 fujeks mrslaIKhloS o%djKh f,i l=ula Ndjs; l< yels o@

51 jsjsO fu!,sl;d we;s o%djK idod bka wk;=rej isoq lrkafka ljrla o@

52 mdGdxl f,i l=ula ,nd .; hq;= o@

53 ks.uk ,nd .eksug kus l=ula l< hq;= o@

54 ,efnk f¾Ldj X wlaIh fPokh lrk ia:dkfha o%djKhg wh;a fu!,sl;dj fijsu yd j.=jla u.ska c, jsNjh fijSu

55 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd jevs c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

56 mglfha c, jsNjhg jvd wvq c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g ynr, ms;s fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@ ta wehs@

57 c,h bj;a jsu isoqjkafka  s jkafka wehs@

lergs  j, wdydr ixps; lrk ,o uqoqka uqf,a mgl fyda w¾;dm,a wdlkao mgl  j, c, jsNjh fijsug fuu l%uh fhdod .kshs tfy;a ta i|yd fhdod .kakd w¾;dm,a is,skavr $ ;Sre j, ljr fjkia jsula ta i|yd Ndjs; l< yels o@

58 tu ;sre j, os. jevs jkafka wehs@

59 ffi, ;=,  mj;sk c, jsNj w.h l=ula jsh hq;= o@

60 mglfha c, jsNjhg iudk  c, jsNjh we;s o%djK j,g w¾;dm,a is,skavr fhoQ jsg ljr fjkila ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@